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Yes you are right the key to getting the mechanical advantage is the end of the winch cable has to be attached to the truck and not some other fixed object.
Mechanical Engineering - Pulleys This gives alot pulley basics and backs up the FM 20-22. If you use a fixed snatch block you have a mechanical advantage of 1:1. When the pulley is moveable you get the 2:1 advantage. The FM 20-22 page 25 shows this. Figure 17 is if the truck is using a snatch...
The 5 ton rating is because of the cable. 1/2 inch cable is limited to 5 tons. Now you can move alot more than pulling 10,000 pounds with one. What, I believe RCHALMERS3 was trying to say was in the FM 20-22 it shows all kinds of vehicle recovery situations. If you use a snatch block as a "fixed...
I would guess it's like the deuces load carrying capabilities-very under rated. I am betting the 5 ton capacity of that snatch block will take twice that.