There might not be total starter and ring meltdown here. Suggest you remove the starter, inspect the starter ring on the flex plate, and see what damage was done. Look at the Bendix gear on the starter and see if it's worn off. Those symptoms can simply be poor engagement of the Bendix due to lack of lubrication on the shaft. If you find the ring gear is not worn out, then starter service is needed. Might be just a Bendix lube problem.
That problem of engine starting then dying sounds like air making it's way into the fuel source ahead of the injection pump. The pump will have fuel in it and the truck will start, but then the slug of air hits the IP and the truck dies. Cranking will restore the fuel flow, forcing out the air, and the truck will be fine until it sits a long time. Look for loose connections, rusted pinholes in tubing, cracked hoses, etc, ahead of the IP. I have a 7.3 IDI NA that does this if parked headed uphill. Fuel gets pulled the many feet from the tank so there's no fuel leak. Haven't found the air ingress point yet so I park it headed downhill!